Motivation and Broadbent’s Filter Model of Attention

Motivation and Broadbent’s Filter Model of Attention Foundations in Sport Psychology XingChi Shen Term Paper for the Course Foundations in Sport Psychology Abstract: in this paper, two most impressive topics, the motivation and Broadbent’s filter model of attention respectively, are chosen from various interesting topics as the focus of this essay. First their concepts are analyzed and then their applications in the cheerleading phenomenon are discussed. Cheerleaders can raise spirits, strengthen confidence, and set up the players a motivation and strengthen psychological pressure on the rivals and achieve deterrent effects on the rivals. But on the other hand, cheerleaders can generate some negativeeffects. Therefore, in practice people should appropriately design and organize the activities of the cheerleaders to let the cheerleaders affect the audiences, and strengthen the athletes confidence, and enhance the audiences passions. At last, my personal reflection for this course is addressed. 1. Topics Chosen During the process of studying the course of Foundations in Sport Psychology, we learned many principles of sport psychology, including the concepts of collaboration and competition, the process of the cognitive psychology, the concepts of social loafing, and the motivation of sport (Martin, Carlson, and Buskist, 2000; Weinberg Gould 2011). We also knew the experimental method and biological fundaments of psychology. Although the course emphasizes psychological factors in sport, but the course provides us many general theories of psychology. This course has opened our minds and shown us a colorful world in our inside world, which we never noted before. However, among various interesting topics, two are most impressive for us: the motivation and Broadbent’s filter model for peoples cognitive process. In this paper we will choose these two topics as the focus of this essay and discuss their applications in the sport. 2. Theoretical and Conceptual Principles of Sport Psychology In the first place, motivation is one of the most important concepts in sport psychology because people participating any sport have various motivations. For example, some people play tennis with friends because they mainly want to improve skills and have fun with friends, while other may want to develop fitness by playing tennis. For some professional athletes, their motivation is to achieve a success in their sport career. From this class we learn the interactional view of motivation: motivated behavior is primarily determined by situational factors, but motivated behavior results from the interaction of participant personal factors and situational factors (Martin, Carlson, and Buskist, 2000; Weinberg Gould 2011). Shown in Fig.1, personal factors contain athletes personalities, needs, interests, and goals, while situational factors includes lead-coach style, team win loss record, and facilities attractiveness, etc (Martin, Carlson, and Buskist, 2000; Weinberg Gould 2011). Here si tuational factors also include audience response in the competition. Athletes apparently can be affected by audience response, while cheerleading is a very important method to stimulate the audiences response in matches. Fig.1 interaction of participant personal factors and situational factors In the second place, psychological research shows when people engage in certain activities, their psychological status will be affected by the environment. Consequently, their actions and actions results will be further affected by these factors accordingly. In the field of sports, a lot of practices have shown that athlete’s cheerleaders will impose certain psychological effects, thereby affecting the athletes sport results or performance. Even the American diver Michelle Davison says, â€Å"Everyone is pretty much at the same level physically, [The difference comes down to] who can hold it together mentally. (Using Psychology to Improve Sports Performance 2014). Moreover, Dr. Magulubur published a paper in Olympic scientific congress in 1984 that the impact of psychological factors for the athletes in low, mid-level skills is 20%, bio-mechanical factors account for 80%. For elite athletes these numbers are just the opposite. i.e., psychological factors may account for 80% a nd biological mechanical actors are 20% (Using Psychology to Improve Sports Performance 2014). American track and file athlete Carl Lewis has said 90% of preparation is the pre-match psychological. So the psychological factors play a decisive role in the match. Moreover, many researchers have investigated the influence of the mental factors for the performance of the athletes and injure of athletes in details. For example, they investigated the psychological factors such as the competitive anxiety and coach may lead to injure of the athletes in matches (Junge 2000). Among many explanations about the connection between psychological status and the performance of athletes, we just concern the psychological theory of attention, since in the competition of athletes. The problem of attention is very important for an athlete to achieve success. In basis of Broadbent filters model shown as Fig.2, people have a process to use a message they receive (Broadbent, 1958). First, all messages from outside are input into the sensor store of human, but selectively transferred into our brains, in basis of their physical properties such as color, pitch, and loudness. After going through a bottleneck, the information is transmitted into high level processing and finally into short term memory and then into long term memory. This theory emphasizes that the world comprises of many more sensations than we can handle by the perceptual and cognitive capabilities of humans. To cope with the information, we have to selectively keep to some information. Attention, therefo re, is the result of a limited-capacity information-processing system. Fig.2 Broadbent’s filter model of attention We noted that the cheerleading becomes a very common activities in the match, especially in the NFL (National Football League) and NBA (National Basketball Association) basket ball companions. And even the cheerleading becomes one necessary part of match in the US. We see often them from the TV and newspaper. Therefore, we are interested in what the functions of the cheerleading in the match, and how the applications of the aforementioned principles of sport psychology into the cheerleaders phenomenon. We will explain these details in the next section. 3.Application to Cheerleaders Phenomenon 3.1 The introduction of cheerleader Even though currently most cheerleads team consists of females, the cheerleading began as all-male activity. The first cheerleader team dates back to in 1987, when cheerleaders yelled at the stadium of the Princeton University for their baseball and football athletes. After that, many universities and high schools have established such of cheerleaders and they often play performances in the NFL and NBA matches. Table 1. Top 10 cheerleading organizations in the US (Campo-Flores 2007 ) However, until 1980 in the United States, cheerleading has developed into the athletics competition, gradually developed into International All Star Cheerleading Association (the IASCA) competition (Smith 2007). In 1998, International Cheerleading Union (International Cheerleading Federation), a world cheerleading organization supported by the United States was established as an important turning point in the history of cheerleading. The International Cheerleading Union successfully hosted the first Cheerleading World Championship in 2001. Eight countries (Finland, Germany, Japan, Norway, Slovenia, Sweden, the United Kingdom and China Taiwan) around the world participated, and the Japanese team won the championship (Campo-Flores 2007). Newsday, cheerleading itself has developed into an independent sport. Today it is estimated that over 1.5 million participants are active in the all star cheerleading in the US. In addition, about 1000,000 cheerleaders are scattered around the world, including Canada, China, German, Japan, and United Kingdom. To date, more than 60 countries around the world to carry out this campaign (Campo-Flores 2007). Fig.3 the Cheerleader of NFL and NBA Boston Celtics (Cheerleaders of NFL and NBA Boston Celtics 2014) Today modern cheerleaders movement blends many elements of hand gymnastics, dancing, gymnastics, sports skills, coupled with a strong sense of rhythm music. They demonstrate the athletes spirit and collective spirit of solidarity in the competition. In addition to athletes, referees, and spectators, cheerleaders are active in sports venues of the fourth character. At least cheerleading has a function of spectators. But unlike simple spectators, cheerleading has more obvious and deliberate purpose on the athletes. With respect to the athletes themselves, cheerleading is an external factor capable of acting on the inner psychological athletes. In this section we will apply the theory of the motivation and the cognitive psychology in analyzing the cheerleading phenomenon. 3.2 Format of cheerleader According to its organization format, cheerleading can mainly be divided into the following two categories: (1) Simple cheerleaders: They are also known as yelling cheerleaders. They mainly consist of the athletes families, friends and fans. They just yell, clap, or shake hands at the stadium in order to encourage athletes. It is a common way of cheering athletes. For individual athletes or entire team, the cheerleaders can raise spirits, strengthen confidence, and set up the players a motivation that it is not only a win for themselves, they win for more. It allows individuals competitive spirit more adequate and help them access to get out of the ego. Meanwhile, it can strengthen psychological pressure on the rivals and achieve deterrent effects on the rivals. A good cheerleader can even produce artificial home field advantage. Athletes are not in home field, but if the cheerleaders can control the visiting fields audiences, so players can feel they are at home field, thereby enhancing their confidence and strengthen the winning mentality. In fact, friends group and fans group of athlete stars also can organize cheerleaders to support one athlete or group, and generate the psychological offensive for the rivals. (2) Show cheerleader: This cheerleading includes 1-3 minutes long aerobics performance show at opening, midfield transition, or closing. Athletes groups (individual members or groups of members compete with each other) create and improve the environment and atmosphere of the competition. The athletes groups and audience can be affected which let them have feelings of joy and excitement. Often these cheerleaders will show many movements of gymnastics and dances. From a business standpoint, these cheerleaders market has become the mainstream in the current competition matches. Through purposeful selection members, after careful preparation, show cheerleaders can design their movement and adjust the competitive atmosphere of the scene, and inspire athletes to fight attracted the audiences attention. Many cheerleaders we saw from the TV and newspaper belong to this type. However, on the other hand, cheerleading may generate some negativeeffects. In a sport context an attention is a vital aspect of athletic performance. As we mentioned from the Broadbent model, to cope with the messages, we have to selectively attend to some information. However, in the competition, inappropriate cheerleading activities can use loudly yelling, or some special color to distribute the athletes attention and dampen their enthusiasm. Recently, many experts concluded that cheerleaders may hinder the game In games such as gymnastics, aerobics, fraught with difficult moves, such as juggling, tumbling, athletes need to concentrate their attentions, otherwise they will be extremely vulnerable to generate adverse consequences. But sometimes the cheerleaders are hard to realize this point and may generate some negative effects. Therefore, in practice people should appropriately design and organize the activities of the cheerleaders to let the cheerleaders affect the audiences, and strengthen the athletes confidence, and enhance the audiences passions, not to interrupt the athletes concentration. In details, based on the schedule of the match, the type of the competition, and the audiences, cheerleading should choose the music, performance actions, and location of performance. On the other hand, the athletes should strength the psychological training to avoid the interference by the cheerleading and audiences. 4. Personal Reflection In this semester, we first learned many psychological concepts from this course. We took many tests and assignments in the classes. However, only by through writing this essay, we have an opportunity to further understand the concepts that we learned in this course. In the first place, this course gives me many new ideals about the psychology and widens my horizons. I feel the psychological concepts are useful in our life. For example, people have different personality and mood, which can be determined by their inner world, but can be adjusted by the environment. However, when I write this reflection paper, I reviewed many concepts and chose the most important points which I learned in this paper. To write this paper, I search all kinds of knowledge of the sport psychology. For example, I find some topics as the research of the experiment of sport psychology. Even though the result is very interested, it is not fitful for this paper. When we saw the pictures of cheerleaders from internet, we think it is a good topics to connect the sport psychology to our life, since everyone know what is cheerleader and cheerleading has some psychological principles. We thought this topic and finally choose motivation and cognitive psychology in this paper and consider their applications in sport. In the second place, from this course we know how important of psychology in the sport. For instance, I am also a player of badminton and I have my personal experience. I understand how important of the mental status in playing badminton. Moreover, understanding some psychological principles can help me improve our performance in the match. Especially when we continuously lose several points in the competition, we should not blame our partner. On the country, we encourage each other with my team players and make ourselves relaxed. In addition, we can ask for my friends to organize one cheerleader for us and encourage us in the match. That is very useful in practice. Thirdly, I read many papers talking about the connection between the sport injure and the mental issue of athletes. Even this course concentrates on the sport psychology; the principles are still useful for any person. For example, I was very nervous before taking the exam. By from this course, we know that the self-confidence is very important for achieving better performance not only for athletes, but also for students. So this course helps me tread correctly the anxiety and pressure at exams. It helps me understand the mechanism of the anxiety, and teach me how to resolve the anxiety. Therefore, as for this aspect, the course is very useful in practice. In the near future, we would like to apply these principles we learned in this course into practice. References Broadbent, D (1958). Perception and Communication. London: Pergamon Press. Campo-Flores, Arian (2007). A World of Cheer!. Newsweek. Retrieved from http://www.newsweek.com/cheerleading-gains-popularity-worldwide-101645. Cheerleaders of NFL and NBA Boston Celtics (2014), Pics from http://www.spox.com/de/sport/diashows/cheearleader-nba-nfl/cheerleader-nfl-nba,seite=23.html Junge, Astrid (2000), The Influence of Psychological Factors on Sports Injuries, Review of the Literature. Am J Sports Med.2000;28(5 Suppl):S10-5. Martin, G.N. Carlson, N.R. and Buskist, W. (2010) Psychology. Pearson Educational Press: Harlow, Essex. Smith, Jennifer Renà ¨e (February 2007). The All-Star Chronicles, American Cheerleader13(1): 40–42. Schmidt, R. A. and Wrisberg, C.A. (2008). Motor learning and performance: A Situation-Based Learning Approach. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics. Using Psychology to Improve Sports Performance (2014). Retrieved from www.spicewoodgroup.com/sports_psych.asp. Weinberg, R. S., Gould, D. (2011). Foundations of sport and exercise psychology. (5th Ed.) Word count 2524

Joint Commission Accreditation Audit Preparation

Joint Commission Accreditation Audit Preparation Compliance Status for â€Å"Communication† Priority Focus Area Executive Summary In preparation for the next Joint Commission Accreditation Audit, Nightingale Community Hospital is assessing the compliance status of each of the Joint Commission’s Priority Focus Areas (PFAs). This Assessment covers the â€Å"Communication† Joint Commission PFA. For the previous Joint Commission audit, there were no findings associated with this standard. Since The Hospital has recently undergone a great deal of staff turnover in the Standards and Communication Department, several of the Hospital Directors felt that this may be an area that has slipped in relation to compliance with this PFA. The Communication PFA is comprised of three general standards: †¢UP. 01. 01. 01 Conduct a pre-procedure verification process. †¢UP. 01. 02. 01 Mark the procedure site. †¢UP. 01. 03. 01 A time-out is performed before the procedure. Each of these standards has elements of performance that Nightingale Community Hospital should be implementing through policies, protocols and checklists. Compliance with the performance elements s summarized in a compliance matrix. The matrix identifies the standard, the performance elements of the standard, and how the performance element is implemented. This matrix is an effective tool to assess where compliance gaps exist and it forms the basis for developing corrective action plans. The compliance matrix for the Communication standard in included at the end of this summary. Nightingale Community Hospital is implementing most of the performance standards. There is no documented implementation for the following performance elements. †¢Labeled diagnostic and radiology test results (for example, radiology images and scans, or pathology and biopsy reports) that are properly displayed (UP. 01. 01. 01) †¢When two or more procedures are being performed on the same patient, and the person performing the procedure changes, perform a time-out before each procedure is initiated. (UP. 01. 03. 01) The Hospital is out of compliance with element of performance 3 under standard UP. 01. 02. 01. This performance element should be implemented in the Site Identification and Verification Protocol. The protocol does not identify who is responsible for marking. Additionally, the protocol specifically states that marking is not required for bedside procedures if provider is present the entire time. This flexibility is not allowed in the standard. In addition to these deficiencies, two opportunities for improvement were identified. The Handoff procedure checklist is a useful tool, but there is no mention of this checklist in the Site Identification and Verification Protocol. Also, the Protocol does not address premature infants and the allowance to not perform marking when the mark may cause a permanent tattoo A corrective action plan will be focused on ensuring that the identified noncompliances are corrected and evaluating opportunities for improvement. Specific elements of the corrective action plan are: 1)Revise the Site Identification and Verification Protocol to remove the incorrect information on bedside procedures. Target completion Date: 2/1/2012. Actionee: Standards and Communication Director. 2)Revise the Handoff Checklist to include â€Å"labeled diagnostic and radiology test results (e. . , radiology images and scans, or pathology and biopsy reports)†. Target completion Date: 4/1/2012. Actionee: Standards and Communication Director. 3)Revise the Site Identification and Verification Protocol to include reference to the Handoff Checklist. Target completion Date: 4/1/2012. Actionee: Standards and Communication Director. The results of th is corrective action plan will be examined approximately six months prior to the Joint Commission audit. That will give adequate time to develop and implement further corrective actions, if necessary.

The infamous scene in Homer’s Odyssey in which Odysseus...

The infamous scene in Homer’s Odyssey in which Odysseus proudly boasts his name to the Cyclops is a didactic moment, preaching about the dangers of pride. At times, pride can become an impetus toward positivity, but in many cases, such as Odysseus’, an exorbitant amount can have the opposite effect. This trait is explored in numerous works of literature, including Lord of the Flies, â€Å"Harrison Bergeron†, and Anthem. It manifests itself in the leaders of these stories in distinctly different ways, yet in each character, his pride is a defining factor in the outcome of his life. Thus, individuals who are intrinsically inclined to be leaders lack the humility to show respect for those superior and inferior to them on the social hierarchy, as†¦show more content†¦It’s time some people know they’ve got to keep quiet and leave deciding things for the rest of us† (139). Jack’s deprecation of the conch, a fierce symbol of democracy and social equity, reflects his true character. He does not believe in this kind of liberal fairness, where everyone gets a voice, especially the people whom he deems unworthy to speak. Jack yearns to be the one and only tyrant of the boys’ society. This feeling of anti-democracy he harbors shows that in his mind, he has already established a hierarchy in which he is at the top, and those below him must bow down. Harrison Bergeron crowns himself emperor, defying the totalitarian government and glorifying himself. For instance, Harrison storms into the T.V. studio and cries, â€Å"‘I am the Emperor!’. . .‘Do you hear? I am the Emperor! Everyone must do as I say at once!’† (Vonnegut 3). By stating he is the emperor, Harrison proves that he believes he is the most powerful man in the society. His desire to subjugate people is also apparent; he considers his strength and dominance exceptional over others. Moreover, he continues his spiel at the studio, bellowing â€Å"‘even as I stand here. . .crippled, hobbled, sickened-- I am a greater ruler than any man who ever lived!’† (4). Harrison’s bold claim of his own greatness is an explicit exhibition of the admiration he holds for himself. His outburst is utterly devoid of humbleness; he spews immense confidence and certainty. Harrison’s self assured attitude

Qualitative Research Article On Pressure Ulcers - 980 Words

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(2009), with the title of, â€Å"Factors of importance to the development of pressure ulcers in the care trajectory: perceptions of hospital and community care nurses†. This study looked at contributing factors promoting the growth or relapse of pressure ulcers, and how the nurses working in hospitals or group care, comprehend them in the care trajectory. Problem Statement Studies have pointed out that nurses possess a significant role and extensive knowledge in pressure ulcer prevention. Instructive programs in the hospitals give great learning to nurses about the preventive and treatment techniques forShow MoreRelatedPressure Ulcer Prevention Methods Vs. 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Stimulife 750 Essay - 2936 Words

Stimulife 750 Recently, another weight loss supplement has stepped into the ever-increasing market. This drug, called Stimulife 750, is a supposedly all-natural herbal supplement that promotes weight loss without any effort from the client. Both the parent company – Stimulife International – and various distributors of Stimulife 750 make bold blanket statements such as â€Å"Stimulife 750 has everything good and nothing bad,† which set the success of the pill far higher than is possible. Furthermore, these individuals attempting to sell the product use a variety of marketing techniques to encourage purchasing the supplement; however, they provide no scientific evidence to support the claims they†¦show more content†¦Following the link to â€Å"The Stimulife Story,† one can read of the founder and origins of Stimulife 750. (Again, it is interesting to note that the main image on this page is a thin, exuberant woman standing on a scale – assuring the v iewer that s/he, too, could be so happy and thin if s/he were to purchase Stimulife.) The company first assures the viewer that the product is a safe and healthy â€Å"herbal† alternative as compared to the other weight supplements on the market. The company supports this statement by describing Stimulife’s founder, John Fike, as a hard-working, knowledgeable fitness-expert who wanted to deliver both his parents and the world from weight problems and from the evils of weight-loss supplements. Fike supposedly applied computer technology, fitness expertise, case studies, knowledge of herbal medicine, advice from numerous chemists, and a true compassion for those suffering from weight problems to create Stimulife. One must really wonder how one man, who was not a doctor or scientist but a man with a career in â€Å"weight training and kickboxing† could accomplish such a staggering financial and scientific feat. Surely, there is more to this story than the com pany tells. The website continues on to say, â€Å"Two Stimulife 750TM caplets provide the nutritional equivalent of four servings of fresh vegetables.†

Climax and Anticlimax Free Essays

1. The meaning of climax and anticlimax The Greek word climax means â€Å"ladder†; the Latin gradatio means â€Å"ascent, climbing up†. In climax we deal with strings of synonyms or at least semantically related words belonging to the same thematic group. We will write a custom essay sample on Climax and Anticlimax or any similar topic only for you Order Now [4, p. 155] According to Efimov L. P. , climax (or Gradation) – is the figure of unequality, which consists in arranging the utterance so that each subsequent component of it increases significance, importance or emotional tension of narration. [1, p. 69] Galperin I. R. iews climax as an arrangement of sentences (or of the homogeneous parts of one sentence) which secures a gradual increase in significance, importance, or emotional tension in the utterance, as in: â€Å"It was a lovely city, a beautiful city, a fair city, a veritable gem of a city. † or in: â€Å"Ne barrier wall, ne river deep and wide, Ne horrid crags, nor mountains dark and tall Rise like the rocks that part Hispania’s land from Gaul. † (Byron) Gradual increase in emotional evaluation in the first illustration and in significance in the second is realized by the distribution of the corresponding lexical items. Each successive unit is perceived as stronger than the preceding one. Of course, there are no objective linguistic criteria to estimate the degree of importance or significance of each constituent. It is only the formal homogeneity of these component parts and the test of synonymy in the words ‘lovely’, ‘beautiful’, ‘fair,’ ‘veritable gem, in the first example and the relative inaccessibility of the barriers ‘wall’, ‘river’, ‘crags’, ‘mountains’ together with the epithets ‘deep and wide† ‘horrid’, ‘dark and tall’ that make us feel the increase in importance of each. 1, p. 220] 2. Different types of climax A gradual increase in significance may be maintained in three ways: logical, emotional and quantitative. Logical climax is based on the relative importance of the component parts looked at from the point of view of the concepts embodied in them. This relative importance may be evaluated both objectively and subjectively, the author’s attitude towards the objects or phenomena in question being disclosed. Thus, the following paragraph from Dickens’s â€Å"Christmas Carol† shows the relative importance in the uthor’s mind of the things and phenomena described: â€Å"Nobody ever stopped him in the street to say, with gladsome looks, ‘My dear Scrooge, how are you? When will you come to see me? ‘ No beggars imgjored him to bestow a trifle, no children asked Jiim what it -was o’clock, no man or woman ever once in all his life inquired the way to such and such a place, of Scrooge. Even the blind men’s dogs appeared to know him, and when they saw him coming on, would tug their owners into doorways and up courts; and then would wag their tails, as though they said, ‘No eye at all is better than an evil eye, dark master! † The order of the statements shows what the author considers the culmination of the climax. The passage by Dickens should be considered â€Å"subjective†, because there is no general recognition of the relative significance of the statements in the paragraph. The climax in the lines from Byron’s â€Å"Ne barrier†¦ † may be considered â€Å"objective† because such things as ‘wall’, ‘river’, ‘crags’, ‘mountains’ are objectively ranked according to their accessibility. Emotional climax is based on the relative emotional tension produced by words with emotive meaning, as in the first example with the words ‘lovely’, ‘beautiful’, ‘fair’. Of course, emotional climax based on synonymous strings of words with emotive meaning will inevitably cause certain semantic differences in these words — such is the linguistic nature of stylistic synonyms—, but emotive meaning will be the prevailing one. Emotional climax is mainly found in sentences, more rarely in longer syntactical units. This is natural. Emotional charge cannot hold long. As becomes obvious from the analysis of the above examples of climatic order, the arrangement of the component parts calls for parallel construction which, being a kind of syntactical repetition, is frequently accompanied by lexical repetition. Here is another example of emotional climax built on this pattern: â€Å"He was pleased when the child began to adventure across the floors on hand and knees; he was gratified, when she managed the trick of balancing herself on two legs; he was delighted when she first said ‘ta-ta’; and he was rejoiced when she recognized him and smiled at him. † (Alan Paton) Finally, we come to quantitative climax. This is an evident increase in the volume of the corresponding concepts, as in: â€Å"They looked at hundreds of houses; they climbed thousands of stairs; they inspected innumerable kitchens. (Maugham) Here the climax is achieved by simple numerical increase. [1, p. 220] 3. The indispensable constituents of climax What then are the indispensable constituents of climax? They are: a)the distributional constituent: close proximity of the component parts arranged in increasing order of importance or significance; b)the syntactical pattern: parallel constructions with poss ible lexical repetition; c)the connotative constituent: the explanatory context which helps the reader to grasp the gradation, as no. .. ver once in all his life, nobody ever, nobody, No beggars (Dickens); deep and wide, horrid, dark and tall (Byron); veritable (gem of a city). Climax, like many other stylistic devices, is a means by which the author discloses his world outlook, his evaluation of objective facts and phenomena. The concrete stylistic function of this device is to show the relative importance of things as seen by the author (especially in emotional climax), or to impress upon the reader the significance of the things described by suggested comparison, or to depict phenomena dynamically. 3. What is Anticlimax? According to Efimov, anticlimax (or Bathos) – is a stylistic device which consists in arranging the utterance so that each subsequent component of it decreases significance, importance or emotional tension of narration: If John’s eyes fill with tears, you may have no doubt: he has been eating raw onions. [2, p. 70] Kukharenko V. A. views anticlimax as an unexpected turn of the thought which defeats expectations of the reader (listener) and ends in complete semantic reversal of the emphasized idea. [3, p. 93] The device thus called is characterized by some authors as â€Å"back gradation†. As its very name shows, it is the opposite to climax, but this assumption is not quite correct. It would serve no purpose whatever making the second element weaker than the first, the third still weaker, and so on. A real anticlimax is a sudden deception of the recepient: it consists in adding one weaker element to one or several strong ones, mentioned before. The recepient is disaappointed in his expectations: he predicted a stronger element to follow; instead, some insignificant idea follows the significant one (ones). Needless to say, anticlimax is employed with a humorous aim. For example, in It’s abloody lie and not quite true, we see the absurdity of mixing up an offensive statement with a polite remark. [4, p. 156] The ideas expressed may be arranged in ascending order of significance, or they may be poetical or elevated, but the final one, which the reader expects to be the culminating one, as in climax, is trifling or farcical. There is a sudden drop from the lofty or serious to the ridiculous. A typical example is Aesop’s fable â€Å"The Mountain in Labour†. â€Å"In days of yore, a mighty rumbling was heard in a Mountain. It was said to be in labour, and multitudes flocked together, from far and near, to see what it would produce. After long expectation and many wise conjectures from the bystanders – out popped, a Mouse! † Here we have deliberate anticlimax, which is a recognized form of humour. Anti- climax is frequently used by humorists like Mark Twain and Jerome K. Jerome. In â€Å"Three Men in a Boat†, for example, a poetical passage is invariably followed by ludicrous scene. For example, the author expands on the beauties of the sunset on the river and concludes: But we didn’t sail into the world of golden sunset: we went slap into that old punt where the gentlemen were fishing. † Another example is: â€Å"This war-like speech, received with many a cheer, Had filled them with desire of fame, and beer! ‘ (Byron) [1, p. 221] 4. Conclusions There are some types of semantically complicated parallelism. They are presente by climax and anticlimax. Climax, like m any other stylistic devices, is a means by which the author discloses his world, outlook, his evaluation of objective facts and phenomena. The concrete stylistic function of this device is to show the relative importance of things as seen by the author (especially in emotional climax), or to impress upon the reader the significance of the things described by suggested comparison, or to depict phenomena dynamically. Climax which increases emotional tension of the utterance may be called emotional. Emotional gradation is created by synonymic words with emotive meanings: nice – handsome – beautiful – marvellous – gorgeous; Climax revealing the quantity of objects may be called quantitative: There were dozens of planets, hundreds of meteorites, innumerable number of stars. There is a device which is called anticlimax. The ideas expressed may be arranged in ascending order of significance, or they may be poetical or elevated, but the final one, which the reader expects to be the culminating one, as in climax, is trifling or farcical. There is a sudden drop from the lofty or serious to the ridiculous. For example: The fire burnt John’s house down and he lost his cell phone. Yesterday I had good sleep but I have to meet my uncle today. References 1. ?. ?. / ?. . . – ?. : , 1981 2. ?. ?. , ?. ?.  « ?  ». - . – : , 2004. – ?. 69-71 3. ?. ?. ? : . – .  «  », 2000 – 160 ?. 4. ?. ?. : - ? . . . / ?. ?. . – 2-? . , . – ?. :  «  »;  «  », 2003. – 221, [3] ?. ( . ). How to cite Climax and Anticlimax, Papers

Supply Chain Management of Union Club Hotel - Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Supply Chain Management of Union Club Hotel. Answer: Social, environmental and economic implications of supply chain The Union Club Hotel running in the area of Fitzroy has the sole purpose of making a profit and to keep the local people happy. Mr and Mrs Smith wants to change the pattern of business in such a manner that the ethics will be in line with sustainability. Their sole aim is to make the pub sustainable and they also want to retain the old customers. A sustainable Procurement Consultant can help in ensuring that the policies and procedures are in tandem with the vision of a sustainable organisation. He can suggest useful recommendations that can bring the organization under the purview of sustainable business practice (Mota et al., 2015). The Smiths have experience in the field of serving beef and their last restaurant was a popular Sydney steakhouse. The main ethics of Sustainable procurementmanagement will be out forward by the consultant so that the pub can flourish in the long run. Social environment in an organization refers to the workers association along with that of the manageri al staff. The suppliers should be socially aware and they also have a responsibility to contribute to the health business (Turker Altuntas, 2014). Meeting the demands of the customers is the main target of the business. The products should be healthy enough and should be able to contribute to the society, thus helping the society to take advantage of the existence of such an organization. The triple bottom line emphasizes the way in which the organization can act and can help the development of the society (Cabeza et al., 2014). These point to the fact that the organization has grown, and is contributing to the economy of the country. Environmental sustainability refers to the ability that can help in maintaining the rate of renewable resource harvest. It should aim at curbing pollution and curtail non-renewable depletion related to the resources. Economic sustainability refers to the ability of an economy that will enable it to support economic production for a long period of time (Heijungs Suh, 2013). The manufacturing industry related to food is competitive to a great extent and enterprises want to develop their business and earn profits as well as abide by the policies and regulations of the government. Carbon emission has to be reduced in order to abide by the environmental regulations and in order to go along with the terms of the Kyoto protocol. Going along with the business that is ethical also helps in satisfying the needs and demands of consumers. In the recent age, consumers ask for food that is fresh and hence is safe to be consumed that can contribute to the well-being of an individual. They should also be of great sensory quality and affordable for the middle-income group. The products should have been manufactured in a manner that is environmentally sustainable (Cabeza et al., 2014). Specific implications on the Organisation Union Club Hotel operating in the area of Fitzroy has to keep in mind traceability, animal feeding, bio-security and animal health and welfare genetics in order to ensure that the organization is running along the right lines and is adhering to the principles of sustainability. Traceability Individual identification of the individual cattle in the farm so as to trace them in a proper manner/ the individual of the cattle should be registered in a proper manner so that the farm is able to take proper follow-up pertaining to the welfare and health of the animals Sustainability Management System to Ensure Continuous Improvement i) The farmers ought to apply the principles to the farm having the philosophy of continuous improvement ii) They ought to monitor the progress of sustainability on regular basis Animal Feeding i) The farms ought to ensure that the feed staff bought off is properly traceable. The farmers are to ensure the places where high quality feed staff is available and there is a zero percent chance of contamination of such feed staff. ii) Production of arable and vegetable crops is also taken into sincere account Bio security i) For ensuring the bio security of the farms the famers ought to provide effective and quality progress so as to find out the effective understanding of the purposes that has to be directed through proper channel ii) The feed and forge needs to be sourced with proper plan Animal Health and welfare Genetics i) Proper housing and environment should be maintained so as to comfort the animals within the farm ii) Animals ought to have thermal comfort controlling the extremity of the temperature iii) Animals ought to have adequate space s that they can move freely iv) Animals ought to be free from injuries and proper medication should be performed on regular basis v) The animals should at any cost be treated properly. In case of any misbehavior or assault found with the cattle that has been taken into certain consideration and that should be dealt with stringent action- indeed legal. vi) Genetic selection process for the cattle for should be performed through maintaining both short term and long term balance. Principles for Environmental sustainability i) The health of biology and soil needs to be ensured by both the farms and the company that they are working with ii) However, a sustainability agreement needs to be made structuring the clauses with the farms so that they can adhere to the effective marginal production process thus maintaining proper sustainability standards. iii) In terms of mitigating the hazardous waste, there is a proper need to take a follow-up that has to be minimized. It has to be taken into certain consideration pertaining to the effective understanding of the process. iv) The company needs to ensure that the general waste that is generated on the regular basis is reduced and the process of recycling those wastes in a productive manner is practices on regular basis. Recommending and producing sustainable business practices policy and procedures Suppliers should consider the following while implementing the policies and procedures: Environmental performance should be measured and the supply chain impacts of their efforts should be properly documented The use of chemicals in the production process should be reduced that may prove to be hazardous for environment Such products should be produced that can reduce the pollution related to that of air, water along with that of soil. Third party certifications can be taken recourse to if such a thing can be done Investigation should be carried out on the applicability in relation to Closed Loop system Transportation products like that of load consolidation along with efficient pallet stacking can be made use of in order to reduce the impact on the environment Case count maximisation option can also help The products should have verifiable statement on Environmental Product Declaration The products should be locally grown as far as possible Organisational mission statement Union Club Hotel ensures to create a structure that is needed to allow our customers proper access to their requirement of meal. All the products of our pub shall be of the supreme quality, be healthy and aimed at providing great personal services at minimum prices that is consistent with the policy of fair return for the shareholders (Ahi Searcy, 2013). Community involvement will be ensured for everyone who is involved with the business. Our products along with services should be delivered on a consistent basis and measures the number of satisfied customer those who are company owned or those who are franchised operations. We promise to make this place the best one where one can eat and provide the best atmosphere for working (Hellweg Canals, 2014). CSR policy Corporate Social Responsibilty (CSR) is a policy with the help of which companies are integrating social along with that of environmental concerns in relation to the business operation and interactions with stakeholders (Brandenburg et al., 2014). The business model ensures that the interest of all stakeholders are taken into consideration while framing policies and the business model should integrate the stakeholders in all kinds of business decisions. The following three levels helps in making the business ethical. The value proposition should set in clear terms the end goal in relation to a firm. The value statement drives the firm in the positive direction (Schaltegger Burritt, 2014). The value proposition emphasizes the way people think regarding fast food. Second level stresses the principle in relation to stakeholder cooperation that comprises of the dealings that the firm is making in order to satisfy the goals of the stakeholder. Food that is sourced locally, meat that is a ntibiotic free and beef that is grass fed is healthy and contributes to corporate social responsibility. The third level puts emphasis on the standard of conduct of the society and focus on the aspect of cultural boundaries (Epstein Buhovac, 2014). The three arenas that are given importance in the arena of corporate social responsibility is that of welfare of animal, health along with the impact of environment. These categories hold great amount of relevance in relation to beef sourcing. Workers who belong to the processing industry of meat should be treated well (Kar, 2015). The act of slaughtering should be carried out in the correct manner and the death of the cow should be painless. A detailed audit should be produced in relation to beef production. Workers are often found to be misfiring stun gun towards the cattle and electric prods can prove to be extremely harmful for the health of the consumers (Rezaei et al., 2016). Commodity specific supplier selection criteria The development of green aspect in relation to supply chain is gaining more importance. It can be explained from the point of view of environmental sustainability. Social sustainability criteria is inclusive of equity, discrimination and diversity. Grey system rough set method can be made use of for deciding the criteria in relation to social sustainability. Analytical hierarchy process (AHP) is a technique that can be made use of in order to measure the qualitative along with quantitative factor in relation to the process of decision-making. It helps in facilatating the decision making that is based on judgement and memories. The advantages of this process is that it helps in reconciling differences and commercial software Expert Choice can be made use of for doing the mathematical calculations according to the criteria of decision making (Mitra Datta, 2014). Commodity specific example of purchase specification In order that the food service can continue with their business, everyone who is in the enterprise should have idea regarding how the costs are determined and how these costs has an impact on the operating budget. Food costs should adhere to five basic standards which should be adhered by a manager (Scott et al., 2015). In order to calculate the value of each item, the relationship in between standardized recipes along with that of yield test has to be understood. These play a crucial role in helping to calculate the item. Precise specification can help in reducing the purchasing cost as the higher quality products cannot be accepted. The quality of items in the menu has to be constant. It should allow for competitive bidding among the suppliers that can help in reducing the cost. The specifications should not change quickly (Clay Fong, 2013). Four sustainable supply chain or procurement management incentives Life Cycle Assessment and Environmental Impact Assessment are mainly concerned with the environment. The IISD framework concentrates on corporate social responsibility which may or may not cover the supply chain sustainability adequately (Garca et al., 2013). The SCOR model provides the opportunity to have a look at the triple bottom line in a comprehensive manner and provides a systematic approach in relation to sustainability analysis. The model of plan, source, make, deliver and return can be imposed in each stage of supply chain in order to help in the process of evaluation. This is inclusive of different levels of suppliers and multiple transportation linkage from that of the suppliers to that of the manufacturing operation. Every element in relation to global supply chain is included within the model and they can be evaluated when the supply chain sustainability initiative is proposed (Cabeza, et al., 2014). References: Ahi, P., Searcy, C. (2013). A comparative literature analysis of definitions for green and sustainable supply chain management.Journal of Cleaner Production,52, 329-341. Brandenburg, M., Govindan, K., Sarkis, J., Seuring, S. (2014). Quantitative models forsustainable supply chain management: Developments and directions.European Journal of Operational Research,233(2), 299-312. Cabeza, L. F., Rincn, L., Vilario, V., Prez, G., Castell, A. (2014). Life cycle assessment (LCA) and life cycle energy analysis (LCEA) of buildings and the building sector: A review.Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,29, 394-416. Clay, S. M., Fong, S. S. (2013). life cycle assessment. InDeveloping Biofuel Bioprocesses Using Systems and Synthetic Biology(pp. 15-17). Springer New York. Epstein, M. J., Buhovac, A. R. (2014).Making sustainability work: Best practices in managing and measuring corporate social, environmental, and economic impacts. Berrett-Koehler Publishers. Garca, N., Puente, J., Fernndez, I., Priore, P. (2013). Supplier selection model for commodities procurement. Optimised assessment using a fuzzy decision support system.Applied Soft Computing,13(4), 1939-1951. Heijungs, R., Suh, S. (2013).The computational structure of life cycle assessment(Vol. 11). Springer Science Business Media. Hellweg, S., i Canals, L. M. (2014). Emerging approaches, challenges and opportunities in life cycle assessment.Science,344(6188), 1109-1113. Kar, A. K. (2015). A hybrid group decision support system for supplier selection using analytic hierarchy process, fuzzy set theory and neural network.Journal of Computational Science,6, 23-33. Mitra, S., Datta, P. P. (2014). Adoption of greensupply chain management practices and their impact on performance: an exploratory study of Indian manufacturing firms.International Journal of Production Research,52(7), 2085-2107. Mota, B., Gomes, M. I., Carvalho, A., Barbosa-Povoa, A. P. (2015). Towards supply chain sustainability: economic, environmental and social design and planning.Journal of Cleaner Production,105, 14-27. Rezaei, J., Nispeling, T., Sarkis, J., Tavasszy, L. (2016). A supplier selection life cycle approach integrating traditional and environmental criteria using the best worst method.Journal of Cleaner Production,135, 577-588. Sarkis, J., Dhavale, D. G. (2015). Supplier selection for sustainable operations: A triple-bottom-line approach using a Bayesian framework.International Journal of Production Economics,166, 177-191. Schaltegger, S., Burritt, R. (2014). Measuring and managing sustainability performance of supply chains: Review and sustainability supply chain management framework.Supply Chain Management: An International Journal,19(3), 232-241. Scott, J., Ho, W., Dey, P. K., Talluri, S. (2015). A decision support system for supplier selection and order allocation in stochastic, multi-stakeholder and multi-criteria environments.International Journal of Production Economics,166, 226-237. Turker, D., Altuntas, C. (2014). Sustainable supply chain management in the fast fashion industry: An analysis of corporate reports.European Management Journal,32(5), 837-849.